What tools and methods are commonly used to crack Linux password hashes?

Common tools include John the Ripper and hashcat, both available on Kali Linux. Cracking methods are primarily dictionary attacks (using a wordlist like `/usr/share/john/password.lst`) and brute-force attacks that iterate through character combinations. For example, hashcat uses `-m 1800` for SHA-512 hashes and `-a 3` for brute-force. John the Ripper can also automatically detect the hash type. Full command examples are provided in the Linux Password Hashes article.